Why Cite? |
1) Documentation in support of the argument or to build a foundation
for the thesis
2) Acknowledgement of a source of information or giving credit
to an author
3) To locate and verify the resource |
Preventing Plagiarism
The word plagiarism comes from the Latin plagiarius meaning kidnapper. Now
sometimes referred to as misappropriation, plagiarism
entails the failure to acknowledge words as well as ideas, and also encompasses
copyright violations. As ignorance is never a defense for plagiarism, always
consult style manuals' documentation sections. |
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Familiar Elements
A citation for electronic information will
include traditional elements of a citation, such as author,
title and date. The difference is where to look for these elements.
With a journal article or an e-book, this is fairly straightforward.
The information will be the same as if it had been in print.
But with Web Pages, this can be more difficult.
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Author
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Look for a statement of responsibility. Sometimes
this is obviously placed at either the top or the bottom
of the page. It may be an individual, or a corporate author.
You may be able to find the author in the source code in
a meta tag. You may have to go to an "about" page
to find the author. Caution: People listed as "Webmaster" are
usually not the author; the person who holds the copyright may be
the publisher and not the author. |
Title
|
On a Web page, a title can be several places, and one must choose the
most appropriate. Often, there is a major heading, a banner or
other image that has the title. Another choice might be what the
author of the Web page has put in the html <title> field.
You can find this in the source code, but it is most easily found
at the top of the Web browser when visiting the site. |
Date
of Publication
|
Keep track of both the creation date and the
modified date, if both
are available. When information comes from a previously publication
in print, you may have both the print publication date and a date
when this information was posted on the Web. Double check both the Web page and its source code to be sure. Be aware
that some pages have html code that posts today's date, but will have other dates that are the actual publication
date. |
New Elements
When researching in the electronic environment,
it is important to keep track of elements that are not in traditional
citations.
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Date
Accessed
|
Take the case of a book with many editions, and
multiply the problem exponentially, and you have a sense of why you
need to keep track of the date of a Web page. Web pages can literally
be changed in seconds, so that the Web page you cite today may not
exist in the same form tomorrow. Always include the date that you
viewed the document. Some style manuals even ask you to specify the
hour. |
Format
|
Some e-resources are available in a variety of
formats, such as print, CD-ROM and Web. E-mails chats and other forms
of electronic communication can also be cited. Specify which one
you used. |
URL
|
When citing a Web page, include the URL. Some
style manuals may require that you give the entire URL; others will
allow abbreviation. This can be important, since many sites now have
dynamically generated Web pages whose URLs contain code, passwords,
and sessions that make them impossibly long. |
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Citing Information from E-Books |
| Vancouver (NLM) |
Monograph [book] on the Internet *
Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph
on the Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul
9]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html/ |
| APA |
Chapter or Section in an Internet document
Broclain, D., Jepson, R., Moumjid-Ferdjaoui, N. (2003, August 24). Influence
of comprehensive versus partial information on consumers' screening choices.
In The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2004). Retrieved March 15, 2004, from
http://www.update-software.com/clibng/cliblogon.htm
|
| ACS |
[No example given. Best guess best on information from Guide]
MICROMEDEX Healthcare Series. Thomson: Greenwood Village, Colorado
(accessed April 2004).
|
Citing E-Journals |
| Vancouver (NLM) |
Journal article on the
Internet *
Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an
advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2002 Aug
12];102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm
|
| APA |
Journal article online for which there is a print equivalent (one author)
Neill, R. (1999). A meta-analysis of the treatment of intermittent claudication
[Electronic Version]. Journal of Family Practice, 48(6), 418-419.
Journal article online for which there is a print equivalent (3-6 authors)
Malcolm, R., Herron, J. E., Anton, R. F., Roberts, J., & Moore, J. (2000). Recurrent
detoxification may elevate alcohol craving as measured by the Obsessive
Compulsive Drinking scale [Electronic version]. Alcohol,20(2), 181-185.
Article in an Internet-only journal
Hidalgo, A., Monroy, A., Arana, R. M., Taja, L., Vazquez, G., & Salcedo, M. (2003).
Chromosomal imbalances in four new uterine cervix carcinoma derived cell
lines. BMC Cancer, 3, Article 8. Retrieved March 15, 2004, from
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/3/8
Article obtained by searching a database
Haimowitz, S., Delano, S. J., & Oldham, J. M. (1997). Uninformed decision
making: The case of surrogate research consent. The Hastings Center Report, 27(6),
9-16. Retrieved March 25, 2004, from Expanded Academic ASAP.
|
| ACS |
Online Periodicals
Casey, J. R.; Morgan, P. E.; Vullo, D.; Scozzafava, A.; Mastrolorenzo, A.; Supuran,
C. T. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Design of Selective, Membrane-Impermeant
Inhibitors Targeting the Human Tumor-Associated Isozyme IX. J. Med. Chem.
[Online] 2004, 47,2348 - 2355.
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Citing Web Pages |
| Vancouver (NLM) |
Homepage/Web site *
Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer
Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul
9]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/
Part of a homepage/Web site *
American Medical Association [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: The Association;
c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Office of Group
Practice Liaison; [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html |
| APA |
Multipage document created by private organization
Medical University of South Carolina Library, Hands on Health Staff. (2004, March 2).
What is high blood pressure? Retrieved March 15, 2004, from
http://www.handsonhealth-sc.org/
Stand-alone document
Adams, M. (2003, September 23). The dead grandmother/exam syndrome and the
potential downfall of American society. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from
http://biology.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/People/ConnRev.html
|
| ACS |
Web Site (freely accessible)
Chemistry.org: American Chemical Society. http://www.acs.org (accessed
April 2004).
Web Site (subscription only) *
Cambridge Structural Database; Cambridge University: Cambridge, England
(accessed Aug 1996).
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* example quoted from style manual
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